PC Installing
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Assembling your PC
Assembling your PC
If you have purchased all the necessary hardware your are ready assemble your PC. Before unpacking your components from its original anti-static bags you must put on your anti-static wrist strap, which will discharge your self. It is important that you discharge yourself or there is a danger that you can damage your components by anti-static shock by touching the components. If you don't have an anti-static wrist strap you can discharge your self by touching the metal edges of your ATX case, although this is not recommended.
The first thing you should do is unpack your ATX case. Take off the cover of your case so that you can access the inside. Place the case on a desk so that you are looking down towards the open case. Your case should come with motherboard mounting screws. If your ATX back plate it not already fitted you can fit it by placing your plate near the ATX back plate cut out and pushing the plate outwards, it should clip on.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
TCP/IP ---------Transmission control protocol /internet protocol
ARPA ----------Advanced Research Projects Agency
E-mail--------- Electronic-mail
FTP File ---------Transfer Protocol
WWW ---------World Wide Web
RSS -----------Rich Site Summary
WAN ----------Wide Area Network
MAN ----------Metropolitan Area Network
BIOS------- --Basic Input Output System
PPM ----------Pages per Minute (in case of printer)
RPM ----------Resolutions per Minute (in case of monitor)
URL--------- -Uniform Resource Locator
NIC ----------Network Interface Card
ISP -----------Internet Service Provider
AOL---------- America Online
MSN ----------Microsoft Network
ISDN ----------Integrated Services Digital Network
DSL -----------Digital Subscriber Line
SDSL--------- Synchronous DSL
ADSL----------- Asynchronous DSL
DNS------------ Domain Name Server
POP3 ----------Post Office Protocol Version 3
IMAP ------------Internet Message Access Protocol
SMTP ---------Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SMPS ---------Switching Mode Power Supply
LAN -----------Local Area Network
HTML -----------Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP--------- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HDD ----------Hard Disk Drive
RAM--------- Random Access Memory
ROM ----------Read Only Memory
ATX -----------Advanced Technology Extended
FDD ------------Floppy Disk Drive
CD-ROM --------Compact-Disk Read Only Memory
NIC ----------Network Interface Card
LED-------- --Light Emitting Diode
VGA--------- Visual Graphics Adapter
NTFS ----------New Technology File System
FAT ----------File Allocation Table
NFS -----------Networking File System
GUI ----------Graphical User Interface
DOS -----------Disk Operating System
OOBE ----------Out Of Box Experience
LILO----------- Linux Loader
UTC -------------Universal Time Coordinated
DVD -----------Digital Video Discs
PDA -----------Personal Digital Assistant (for mobile services)
XHTML --------Extended HTML
PCI ------------Protocol Component Interconnect
LCD -----------Liquid Crystal Display
CRT ------------Cathode Ray Tube
USB ------------Universal Serial Bus
FSB -----------Front Side Bus
SMT -----------Simultaneous Multi threading Technology
BUS-------- ---Bidirectional Universal Switch
IGP------------ Integrated Graphics Processor
UTP -----------Unshielded Twisted Pair
SDRAM ---------Synchronized Dynamic Ram
DDR ram--------- Double Data Rate RAM
CAS--------- ---Column Address Strobe
RAS ------------RowAddress Strobe
HHD-----------Hybrid Hard Drives
SSD -------------Solid State Drives
S RAM -----------Static ram
D RAM---------- Dynamic ram
SMI ------------Synchronous Method Invocation
AMI ------------Asynchronous Method Invocation
CORBA -----------Common Object Request Broker Architecture
About Processors in computers
*******PROCESSORS*******
Processors:
A Processor is one of the most important core components in a computer. It is mounted on the motherboards CPU socket. It performs complex mathematical calculations with data we input. Basically, most of computers work is done by the processor.
Intel Pentium series of processors was such a success such that it had almost became generic term of computers. After single core processors, dual core processor have become a standard hardware component and its time for quad core ones.
The terms below will give you a decent understanding of what goes lies with in a processor.
CACHE: -
In a simple terms, cache is a temporary storage in the CPU die where frequently accessed data is stored for quick reference. When certain amount of data is fetched from other storage devices in computer such as memory and hard disk, is stored in cache. This effectively makes the process of computing faster and more efficient.
L1 CACHE: -
It is tiny memory cache which is built on CPU and is faster than L2 or Level 2 Cache. It helps in speedy access to frequently accessed data required for processing.
L2 CACHE: -
Similar to L1 cache, L2 or Level2 cache is also used for faster data access but it does not share the sane characteristics with L1. While L1 Cache resides internally, L2 resides externally but it is closely limit to micro processor. But the L2 cache is slower than L1. it is also able to store larger amounts of data.
BUS: -
A BUS stands for Bidirectional Universal Switch, which means it changes the course of the incoming and out going data. It is sub system that transfer data from one component to other.
While buses are controlled by device drives in a personal computer, they define their set of conductors or controllers to physically plug several devices such as expansion cards and cables.
Front side bus (FSB):-
There are 3 core components that communicate with each other at all time; the motherboard chip set, the processor and main memory. The front side bus, which is also referred to as the system bus, carries all the electronic information b/w the processor and the motherboard chipset. The faster the FSB speed, the faster can processor can communicate with the memory and chipset, provided the FSB of the CPU is compatible with that of the chip set.
The CPU FSB can never be solely accounted for the CPU`s over all performance, as there’s a lot more to it. For instance, clock speed (measured in HZ) and L2cache; are some of the factors that determine the performance of a CPU.
Clock speed:-
The clock speed of a CPU is the speed at which the processor can complete processing cycle which basically includes number crunching. The clock speed is measured in mega hertz where in one million cycles get completed in a second. They, at a speed of 3.2 GHZ the processor can complete 3.2 billion cycles per second.
While buses are controlled by device drives in a personal computer, they define their set of conductors or controllers to physically plug several devices such as expansion cards and cables.
Front side bus (FSB):-
There are 3 core components that communicate with each other at all time; the motherboard chip set, the processor and main memory. The front side bus, which is also referred to as the system bus, carries all the electronic information b/w the processor and the motherboard chipset. The faster the FSB speed, the faster can processor can communicate with the memory and chipset, provided the FSB of the CPU is compatible with that of the chip set.
The CPU FSB can never be solely accounted for the CPU`s over all performance, as there’s a lot more to it. For instance, clock speed (measured in HZ) and L2cache; are some of the factors that determine the performance of a CPU.
Clock speed:-
The clock speed of a CPU is the speed at which the processor can complete processing cycle which basically includes number crunching. The clock speed is measured in mega hertz where in one million cycles get completed in a second. They, at a speed of 3.2 GHZ the processor can complete 3.2 billion cycles per second.
Note that two CPU’s with the same speed from different families or brands will not necessarily perform equally, as the speed is also dependent on the processors architecture.
While the processors clock speed is significant indicator of the computers speed, it is certainly not the only thing that matters .other factors such as size of cache, memory speed and hard drive also contribute to the overall performance of the computer.
Dual core processors : -
A dual core processor features of two discrete cores along with their own cache on one single die which means that these two cores can be used individually of course, the motherboard should be able to support such processors. In addition to this, the operating system should be able to optimized to use both the cores to extract the processor’s maximum performance. This happens when the operating system has SMT (Simultaneous Multi-threading Technology) written in to its code.
SMT: --
SMT: --
It stands for Simultaneous Multi-threading Technology. This means that the operating system feeds the microprocessor with multi threaded instructions in parallel (at the same time).
Multi Threading: --
Multi Threading: --
Multi Threading is when a program is broken down in to multiple tasks which are broken down in to multiple tasks which are then processed simultaneously be the multiple cores inside the processor. Such software must be carefully designed in a way so as to avoid interference of the broken-down tasks or threads amongst each other while they are being processed.
Single core processors: --
Single core processors: --
Single core processors were the first type to arrive at their inception; computers were as big as entire living room. the computing had speedily took off during the X386 and X486 times, when we paid through our noses for X386 Pcs to run office application which were then based on the Ms-DOS operating system, which didn’t have a graphical user interface over time, we saw the launch of the Intel Pentium processors, followed by Pentium 11,11and 4.All of these were single core processors and they grew more and more advanced over the years in terms of speed and efficiency.
Multi-core:-
Multi-core:-
When a silicon chi[p has or more physical cores on its die ,the performance of the processor increases in proportion to the number of cores packed within. For instance, dual-core processors such as the one belonging to the Intel core 2Duo series and Athlon 64X2series have two cores.
As of now we are in the age of quad-core processors that have been recently launched. These processors pack in four cores with in them.
The inception of Dual core: --
After reaching the dead-end with continued increase in clock speed of processors, processor manufacturers found other methods to increase processing power with out hampering efficiency. The most noticeable step taken was the increase in the number of processor cores. It all began in the year 2005 with Intel Pentium D series of dual-core processors. Following this, AMD launched its version of dual core processors (the Athlon 64*2 family). There after both manufactures have continued releasing new dual-core processors to compete against each other. Eventually AMD’s lead was taken by Intel, with the release of its brand new core micro architecture. The run away success of the Intel core 2 duo family of processors was a huge milestone in the history of Intel.
What’s next: -
There could be much more that Intel and AMD have in store us. In the current scenario, there are mother boards based on chipsets that cater on enter segment that support multiple processors (both dual-core and quad core) on a single motherboard having multiple CPU sockets. This will not only offer superior performance due to multiple cores but will also reduce energy consumption and the cost of software license.
Read more...
CORBA--Middleware Technology
1 (Graduate student of 1st year IT )
2 Graduate student of 1st year CIVIL)
SRK Institute of Technology, Enikepadu,Vijayawada.
ABSTRACT
2 Graduate student of 1st year CIVIL)
SRK Institute of Technology, Enikepadu,Vijayawada.
ABSTRACT
Method-oriented middleware, such as Sun RPC, DCE, Java RMI, COM, and CORBA, has provided synchronous method invocation (SMI) models to applications. Although SMI works well for conventional client/server applications, it is not well-suited for high-performance or real-time applications due to its lack of scalability. To address this problem, the OMG has recently standardized an asynchronous method invocation (AMI) model for CORBA. AMI provides CORBA with many of the capabilities associated traditionally with message-oriented middleware, without incurring the key drawbacks of message-oriented middleware.
This paper provides few asynchronous invocation models for method-oriented middleware. First, we outline the key design challenges faced when developing the CORBA AMI model and describe how we resolved these challenges in TAO, which is our high-performance, real-time CORBA-compliant ORB Second, we present the results of empirical benchmarks that demonstrate the performance benefits of AMI compared with alternative CORBA invocation models. In general, AMI based CORBA clients are more scalable than equivalent SMI based designs, with only a moderate increase in programming complexity.
1. Introduction
Middleware technologies, such as CORBA, Java, EJB, Jini and Web Services, are becoming increasingly popular for building both embedded and enterprise applications. Unfortunately, a lot of the the middleware mechanisms and techniques are mostly in the practitioners' domain, and there has been very little research into the fundamental theoretical and design principles underlying the development of middleware. As middleware gains widespread adoption, it becomes essential to investigate, and to capture, the basics and the methodologies of middleware technologies.
The list of middleware solutions continues to grow. General all encompassing models such as CORBA has tried to solve all problems. But new middleware concepts keep appearing
The list of middleware solutions continues to grow. General all encompassing models such as CORBA has tried to solve all problems. But new middleware concepts keep appearing
- Asynchronous middleware (pub-sub, eventing, message queueing) (MSMQ, JMS,JavaSpaces, ...)
- Grid middleware (Legion, Globus, OGSA, ...)
- Web services (SOAP, WSDL, WSFL, ...)
- Mobility middleware (Rover, MOST, ...),
- Mobile agent systems (Tacoma, Aglets, ...)
- Peer-to-peer (JXTA, Jtella, ...)
- Real-time/ multimedia middleware (ReTINA, DIMMA, ...)
Fig. 1: Corba interface
2. Functions of Middleware
Middleware resides on top of the operating systems and communication protocols to perform the following functions .Hiding distribution, i.e. the fact that an application is usually made up of many interconnected parts running in distributed locations;
Hiding the heterogeneity of the various hardware components, operating systems and communication protocols.Providing uniform, standard, high-level interfaces to the application developers and integrators, so that applications can be easily composed, reused, ported, and made to interoperate,Supplying a set of common services to perform various general purpose functions, in order to avoid duplicating efforts and to facilitate collaboration between applications.
These intermediate software layers have come to be known under the generic name of middleware.The role of middleware is to make application development easier, by providing common programming abstractions, by masking the heterogeneity and the distribution of the underlying hardware and operating systems, and by hiding low-level programming details.
3.Designing Middleware
The function of middleware is to mediate interaction between the parts of an application, or between applications. Therefore architectural issues play a central role in middleware design. Architecture is concerned with the organization, overall structure, and communication patterns, both for applications and for middleware itself.
Besides architectural aspects, the main problems of middleware design are those pertaining to various aspects of distributed systems. Any middleware system relies on a communication layer that allows its different pieces to interoperate. In addition, communication is a function provided by middleware itself to applications, in which the communicating entities may take on different roles such as client-server or peer to peer. Middleware allows different interaction modes (synchronous invocations, asynchronous message passing, coordination through shared objects) embodied in different patterns.
The designers of future middleware systems face several challenges :
Middleware systems rely on interception and indirection mechanisms, which induce performance penalties. Adaptable middleware introduces additional indirections, which make the situation even worse.
As applications become more and more interconnected and interdependent, the number of objects, users and devices tends to increase. This poses the problem of the scalability of the communication and object management algorithms, and increases the complexity of administration.
Ubiquitous computing is a vision of the near future, in which an increasing number of devices embedded in various physical objects will be participating in a global information network. Mobility and dynamic reconfiguration will be dominant features, requiring permanent adaptation of the applications.
Managing large applications that are heterogeneous, widely distributed and in permanent evolution raises many questions, such as consistent observation, security, tradeoffs between autonomy and interdependence for the different subsystems, definition and implementation of resource management policies.
4. Elements of Middleware
Software components are component interfaces,properties,methods and events. Containers are shared context of interaction with other components and provide access to system-level services.Metadata is self-descriptive information used by a component to flexibly communicate with others.Integrated development environment e.g., VisualCafe for Java
5. CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
A middleware platform that supports a standardized OO architecture for software applications are
Middleware resides on top of the operating systems and communication protocols to perform the following functions .Hiding distribution, i.e. the fact that an application is usually made up of many interconnected parts running in distributed locations;
Hiding the heterogeneity of the various hardware components, operating systems and communication protocols.Providing uniform, standard, high-level interfaces to the application developers and integrators, so that applications can be easily composed, reused, ported, and made to interoperate,Supplying a set of common services to perform various general purpose functions, in order to avoid duplicating efforts and to facilitate collaboration between applications.
These intermediate software layers have come to be known under the generic name of middleware.The role of middleware is to make application development easier, by providing common programming abstractions, by masking the heterogeneity and the distribution of the underlying hardware and operating systems, and by hiding low-level programming details.
3.Designing Middleware
The function of middleware is to mediate interaction between the parts of an application, or between applications. Therefore architectural issues play a central role in middleware design. Architecture is concerned with the organization, overall structure, and communication patterns, both for applications and for middleware itself.
Besides architectural aspects, the main problems of middleware design are those pertaining to various aspects of distributed systems. Any middleware system relies on a communication layer that allows its different pieces to interoperate. In addition, communication is a function provided by middleware itself to applications, in which the communicating entities may take on different roles such as client-server or peer to peer. Middleware allows different interaction modes (synchronous invocations, asynchronous message passing, coordination through shared objects) embodied in different patterns.
The designers of future middleware systems face several challenges :
Middleware systems rely on interception and indirection mechanisms, which induce performance penalties. Adaptable middleware introduces additional indirections, which make the situation even worse.
As applications become more and more interconnected and interdependent, the number of objects, users and devices tends to increase. This poses the problem of the scalability of the communication and object management algorithms, and increases the complexity of administration.
Ubiquitous computing is a vision of the near future, in which an increasing number of devices embedded in various physical objects will be participating in a global information network. Mobility and dynamic reconfiguration will be dominant features, requiring permanent adaptation of the applications.
Managing large applications that are heterogeneous, widely distributed and in permanent evolution raises many questions, such as consistent observation, security, tradeoffs between autonomy and interdependence for the different subsystems, definition and implementation of resource management policies.
4. Elements of Middleware
Software components are component interfaces,properties,methods and events. Containers are shared context of interaction with other components and provide access to system-level services.Metadata is self-descriptive information used by a component to flexibly communicate with others.Integrated development environment e.g., VisualCafe for Java
5. CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
A middleware platform that supports a standardized OO architecture for software applications are
- Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
- Open standard - developed by the Object Management Group.
- CORBA is a component of OMG’s Object Management Architecture.
- CORBA supports distributed object computing.
CORBA uses a broker which is an intermediary handling requests in a system and facilitates communication between clients and server objects ans also separates a component’s interface from its implementation.
5.1 Main CORBA Features
- Object request broker (ORB)
- OMG interface definition language (IDL)
- Language mappings
- Stubs and skeletons
- Interface repository
- Dynamic invocation and dispatch
- Object adapters
- Inter-ORB protocols
5.2 Distributed applications cause a lot of problems like
•Participating systems may be heterogeneous
•Access to remote services has to be location transparent
•State of objects has to be kept persistent and consistent
•Remote objects have to be found and activated
Distributed application have a lot of advantages like scalability(server replication, Thin,heterogeneous clients),Re-usability and Partitioned functionality . So we want an architecture that supports a remote method invocation paradigm,provides location transparency , allows to add, exchange, or remove services dynamically and hides system details from the developer
6. ORB–Object Request Broker
The ORB is responsible for,Data marshaling,Object location management ,Delivering request to objects,Returning output values back to client.
Fig 2. Example Corba Architecture
CORBA is a standard (not a product!) allows objects to transparently make requests and receive responses and enables interoperability between different applications on different machines and in heterogeneously distributed environments.
7. CORBA –(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)
7.1 CORBA design goals
Independence of programming language:hardware platform,operating system specific Object Request Broker,degree of object distribution,
Open Architecture: Language-neutral Interface Definition Language (IDL) andLanguage, platform and location transparent
7.2 CORBA works with interfaces
all CORBA Objects are encapsulated and Objects are accessible through interface only.
Separation of interfaces and implementation enables multiple implementations for one interface
7.3 CORBA is Location Transparent
For the client it doesn’t matter if the object he is operation on is running…
•on the same processor and even in the same process
•on the same processor, in a different process
•in different process on another processor
fig.3 corba architecture
Advantages of CORBA
CORBA allows methods on a remote object to be accessed as if they were on the local machine and is a mature technology, support and tools are widely available.Can deal with heterogeneous systems and legacy-systems can be integrated
Object Location Transparency
The client does not need to know where an object is physically located. An object can either be linked into the client, run in a different process on the same machine, or run in a server on the other side of the planet. A request invocation looks the same regardless, and the location of an object can change over time without, breaking applications.
Server Transparency
The client is, as far as the programming model is concerned, ignorant of the existence of servers. The client does not know (and cannot find out) which server hosts a particular object, and does not care whether the server is running at the time the client invokes a request.
Language Transparency
Client and server can be written in different languages. This fact encapsulates the whole point of CORBA; that is, the strengths of different languages can be utilized to develop different aspects of a system, which can interoperate through IDL. A server can be implemented in a different language without clients being aware of this.
Implementation Transparency
The client is unaware of how objects are implemented. A server can use ordinary flat files as its persistent store today and use an OO database tomorrow, without clients ever noticing a difference (other than performance).
Architecture Transparency
The idiosyncrasies of CPU architectures are hidden from both clients and servers. A little-endian client can communicate with a big-endian server with different alignment restrictions.
Operating System Transparency
Client and server are unaffected by each other's operating system. In addition, source code does not change if you need to port the source from one operating system to another.
Protocol Transparency
Clients and servers do not care about the data link and transport layer. They can communicate via token ring, Ethernet, wireless links, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), or any number of other networking technologies.
Conclusion:
In this paper ,we have demonstrated how Corba was proved as a succesful interfernce between two peers by supplying information to the platform database, and using open platform services as a temporary replacement for currently specified. CORBA allows methods on a remote object to be accessed as if they were on the local machine and is a mature technology, support and tools are widely available.I t also can deal with heterogeneous systems and legacy-systems can be integrated .
How to Partition and format a hard drive
Partition and format a hard drive:---------
If there are no partitions on your hard drive, you will need to create a partition and format it. Alternatively, it's a good idea to repartition your hard drive if you want to merge several smaller partitions into one large one, or if you want to create several smaller partitions so that you can set up a multiboot configuration.
If you want to partition or format your hard drive, we recommend that you use the disk partitioning and formatting tools that are built into Windows XP Setup. These tools allow you to delete existing partitions and to create one or more new partitions.
IMPORTANT: If you follow these steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all of the data stored on that hard disk will be permanently deleted.
--> 1) To use the disk partitioning and formatting tools in Windows XP Setup:
Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD/DVD drive (or insert the first Windows XP Setup boot disk into the floppy disk drive), and then restart the computer.
Note: To start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or from the Setup boot disk), your computer must be configured to start from the CD/DVD drive (or the floppy disk drive). In some cases, you might have to modify your computer's BIOS settings to do this. For more information, see "Configure a computer to boot from CD."
--> 2) If you are starting the computer from the Windows XP CD, press a key to boot from CD when you are prompted to do so. If you are starting from the Windows XP Setup boot disks, insert each of the additional disks when prompted, and then press ENTER to continue after inserting each disk.
--> 3) At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER to continue.
--> 4) On the License Agreement page, read the agreement, and then follow the instructions for accepting or rejecting the agreement.
--> 5) If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you will be prompted to repair it. Press ESC (do not repair).
--> 6) All existing partitions and unpartitioned spaces are listed for each physical hard disk. Use the arrow keys to select the partition or unpartitioned space where you want to create a new partition, and then press D to delete an existing partition or press C to create a new partition using unpartitioned space.
If you press D to delete an existing partition, you must then press L (or press ENTER, and then press L if it is the System partition) to confirm that you want to delete the partition. Repeat this process for each of the existing partitions that you want to use for the new partition. When all the partitions are deleted, select the resulting unpartitioned space and press C to create a new partition.
Note: If you want to create a partition where one or more partitions already exist, you must first delete the existing partition or partitions and then create the new partition.
--> 7) Type the size (in megabytes, or MB) that you want to use for the new partition, and then press ENTER, or just press ENTER to create the partition using the maximum size.
-> 8) If you want to create additional partitions, repeat steps 6 and 7.
--> 9) If you want to install Windows XP, use the arrow keys to select the partition you want to install it on, and then press ENTER. If you do not want to format the partition and install Windows XP, press F3 two times to quit Setup, and then do not continue with the following steps. In this case, you must use another program to format the partition.
--> 10) Select the format option that you want to use for the partition, and then press ENTER. The options are:
*Format the partition by using the NTFS file system (Quick)
*Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick)
*Format the partition by using the NTFS file system
*Format the partition by using the FAT file system
*Leave the current file system intact (no changes)
For most configurations, NTFS is a good choice for security and flexibility. If you plan to install a multiboot configuration and access data on the drive using older operating systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition, however, select FAT.
When you format a volume, files are removed from the volume and the hard disk is scanned for bad sectors. The majority of the time required to format a volume is devoted to scanning the disk. If you choose the Quick format option, files are removed from the partition, but the disk is not scanned for bad sectors. You should only use this option if your hard disk has been previously formatted and you are sure that your hard disk is not damaged.
Note: During Windows XP Setup, the option to leave the current file system intact is not available if the selected partition is a new partition. For partitions up to 2 gigabytes (GB) in size, Setup uses the FAT (also known as FAT16) file system. For partitions greater than 2 GB but less than 32 GB, Setup uses the FAT32 file system. For partitions greater than 32 GB, Setup uses NTFS.
Note: If you deleted and created a new System partition but you are installing Windows XP on another partition, you will be prompted to select a file system for both the System and Boot partitions at this point.
--> 11) After Setup formats the partition, follow the on-screen instructions to continue Setup. After Setup is complete, you can use the Disk Management tools in Windows XP to create or format additional partitions.
Perform a new installation of Windows XP
Some tips to Perform a new installation of Windows XP
If your computer does not have an operating system currently installed or you have decided to install Windows from scratch, you can perform what is known as a new installation (also known as a clean installation, or a full installation). This process is more complicated and takes longer than an upgrade (about 20 steps as opposed to 9 for an upgrade). To perform an upgrade, refer to the section titled "Upgrade to Windows XP."
Note: Before installing Windows XP, you should disable you virus protection (antivirus) software, and you might want to run the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). To use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site. Be sure to enable your virus protection software after installing Windows XP.
CAUTION: You can choose to delete everything that currently exists on the hard drive during a new installation, so be sure to back up any data you want to keep before you begin (make sure that the backup data is not stored on the drive you are going to delete).
Here's how to perform a new installation of Windows XP:
- Insert the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM drive.
Note: Make sure the computer can boot from a CD. If it can't, then follow the procedures in the section titled "Configure a computer to boot from CD" or see the "How do I install Windows from the command prompt?" section under "Perform other Setup-related tasks." - Restart the computer.
- When the message to Press any key to boot from CD… is displayed, quickly press any key (for example, the SPACEBAR). Setup begins.
Note: Pay close attention here, because it's very easy to miss this message. If your current operating system starts, you'll know that you missed the opportunity to boot from CD. Restart your computer and try again. - After Setup starts, several messages will flash across the bottom of the screen. These messages are only important under special circumstances, such as installing a particular hardware access layer (HAL), or loading a small computer system interface (SCSI) driver. Most people can ignore them. For more information about this subject, see Microsoft Knowledge Base articles 295116 and 220845.
- Next, a screen appears that offers the following three options: Set up Windows XP, Repair a Windows XP installation, or Quit Setup. Press ENTER to select the first option.
- The End User License Agreement appears next. Read the license agreement and follow the instructions to accept or reject the agreement. If your Windows CD is an upgrade CD, after accepting the agreement, you will be prompted to insert the CD of your previous operating system to verify that the previous version qualifies for upgrade to Windows XP.
Important! If you use a recovery CD from an original equipment manufacturer (also called an OEM), it is possible that the CD will not be accepted. If you delete the partition information or format the drive and the OEM recovery CD is not accepted as valid media, you must use the OEM recovery CD to restore your previous version of Windows. For details about restoring your system using the OEM recovery media, please contact your computer manufacturer.
- If a screen appears showing an existing installation of Windows XP, press ESC to continue installing a fresh copy of Windows XP.
- At the next screen, you have the option of repartitioning your drive. It's a good idea to repartition if you want to merge several smaller partitions into one large one, or if you want to create several smaller partitions so that you can set up a multiboot configuration. If you want to repartition, follow the instructions to delete existing partitions, if needed, and then select unpartitioned space and press ENTER to proceed.
CAUTION: Deleting a partition will remove all data stored on that partition. Before you continue, make sure you have backed up everything you want to keep. - Select the formatting method you would like to use, and then press ENTER. NTFS offers both enhanced formatting capabilities and security technologies. If you need to access drives or DOS files (such as from a DOS-based boot disk) using Windows Millennium Edition or earlier versions of Windows, you might need to select FAT32 instead. Select either format method (quick or slow).
- Setup will format the drive, copy initial Setup files, and restart the computer.
Note: After the computer restarts, you will again receive the message Press any key to boot from CD but you should ignore it so that you do not interrupt the current installation process. - After another restart, the next part of Setup will begin.
- On the Regional and Language Options page, follow the instructions to add language support or change language settings, if desired.
- On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and the name of your company or organization (if applicable).
- On the Your Product Key page, type the 25-character product key that came with your copy of Windows XP.
- On the Computer Name and Administrator Password page, make up a computer name (if your network administrator gave you a name to use, type that). Then make up a password for the Administrator account on your computer. Type it once, and then confirm it by typing it again.
Important: Be sure to remember the Administrator password. You'll need this password when you want to make changes to your system in the future. - On the Date and Time Settings page, make any changes that are necessary.
- On the Networking Settings page, if it appears, select Typical settings (unless you plan to manually configure your networking components).
- On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next. If you want to add your computer to a domain, select the second option and fill in the domain name. (If you do this, you will be prompted for a user name and password.)
Note: Connecting to a domain is only possible in Windows XP Professional, not in Windows XP Home Edition. - Next, while Setup copies files to your computer and completes a few other tasks, you'll see a series of screens that tell you about new features in Windows XP.
- Finally, your computer will restart. Again, ignore the message to press any key. After Setup completes, eject the CD from the CD-ROM drive.
Do not forget to enable your virus protection software after Setup is finished.
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